This report focuses on five key groups who often face discrimination based on their group membership: migrants and ethnic minorities, LGBTQ people, older people, people with disabilities and women It assesses: i) how the inclusion of these groups in OECD labour markets has evolved over time, ii) the evidence on how diversity affects economic outcomes; and iii) which policies countries have implemented and what is known about their effectiveness. Chapter 1 examines population diversity and labour market inclusion, and presents a Migrant Diversity Index to indicate the size and heterogeneity of migrant populations within OECD countries. The report argues that continued efforts to advance diversity policies are needed to allow countries to leverage the full opportunities and benefits of diverse populations.