The Horn of Africa (HoA) remains a major source of mixed migration, with people moving to neighbouring countries, the Gulf, Southern Africa and Europe. Most Eritreans who leave their country are forced to rely on smugglers to ensure that they successfully evade border controls. The report places a particular focus on the relationship between policy approaches to tackling smuggling and trafficking and refugee policy, given that a large percentage of Eritreans appear to be refugees. It also argues for a new approach and engagement on mixed migration in the HoA.