e. By 2050, parts of Africa will become hotter and more arid while others will become increasing more prone to flooding, rising sea levels, and related natural disasters. This may continue to increase international migration and see levels of internally displaced persons grow, while also creating competition for resources.

Nevertheless, movement or migration is an adaptation strategy employed by hundreds of millions of people, both in response to negative stimuli and as a means of pursuing a worthwhile life. Migration decisions are highly context-specific and vary according to interactions between economic, political, social, cultural,demographic, and other factors that operate across scales to create vulnerability and adaptive capacity. Migration outcomes reflect a continuum of agency, from voluntary movement to involuntary displacement, and a continuum of time scales, from temporary, seasonal to permanent, and spatial scales, from local to regional to international.

Recent framings in the research literature highlight the past and potential effectiveness of migration in all its forms as a means of adaptation, and there may be a considerable role for governments in normalizing and facilitating the movement of people in situations where climate variability or conflict pose an acute risk.

3. Strengthen the capacity of vulnerable communities to better engage in national climate policy process. 3a. Identify communities most vulnerable to climate-change human security risks, such as farmers, coastal fishing communities, internally displaced persons (IDPs) and provide them with training in national climate policy planning, agenda setting, monitoring and implementation.