Impacts of climate change can already be observed. The Brazilian Panel on Climate Change (PBMC) has systematized data and information indicating that the characteristic climates of the various regions of Brazil are already experiencing change. It forecasts that these changes will affect Brazil’s natural, human, infrastructure and productive systems, in non-uniform ways. Rises in temperature may lead to an increase in the frequency of extreme events in various regions of Brazil, as well as changes in rainfall patterns, with greater frequency of occurrence of droughts, heavy rainfall, flooding, landslides, and consequent population displacement in the affected regions. p. 6

Possible impacts of climate change in Brazil and South America include: extinction of habitats and species, mostly in tropical regions; replacement of tropical forests by savannahs, and of semiarid vegetation by dessert; an increase in water stress in various regions, i.e., lack of sufficient water to fulfil demands of the population; increases in agricultural pests, and of diseases such as dengue fever and malaria (PBMC, 2013); and displacement and migration of populations. p. 10.

For these municipalities, exposure of the population relates to gradually evolving climatic processes, such as droughts and f looding, that affect more extensive areas. In such cases, risk factors do not stem from a specific urban planning problem, but rather, from land-use, settlement and migration processes taking place on a regional scale. p. 62.

Relvent and determining characteristics of disaster risk: High inter-annual rainfall variability and low water storage capacity pose limitations for local development (threat). Metropolitan regions highly exposed and vulnerable to flooding, displacing many people and causing significant numbers of deaths. Region with the largest numbers of people affected by disasters (47.63%) p. 73.

Intensification of extreme weather events associated with climate change is likely to affect many of the day-to-day activities of human populations. Such effects include fewer job opportunities in a number of economic sectors. They are also likely to increase migration22 f lows, as entire population groups flee the effects of climate change or seek to adapt to them. p. 123.

Mata-Atlantica. Possible impacts: Hurricanes may begin to reach Brazil’s southern coast (as occurred in Santa Catarina). Longer dry seasons may affect the regional water balance, with consequences for human activities, such as abstraction of water for agriculture, energy generation and food production. There may be more frequent flooding, landslides and floods brought on by extreme rainfall events, causing economic damage and loss of lives. Waterfronts may be washed away; ports destroyed and populations displaced. p. 133.

A variety of adaptive measures and responses are used by indigenous peoples in Brazil, steeming from traditional knowledge and practices, including; Relocation and redistribution of villages and plantations within territories; p. 137

Vulnerabilities: Socioeconomic conditioning agent:Territorial planning, housing model and changes in land use; Population movements and migrations; Proximity of households to hazardous locations and mobility of populations of highrisk areas;...Population Effects in the Short Term: Deaths and hospitalisations related to external causes; homeless, evicted, displaced. p. 168.

The socioeconomic vulnerability factors that influence infectious disease scenarios are: encroachment of human settlements on natural areas, unplanned land use; globalised trade; voluntary and forced migration; tourism; rising population, development and unplanned urban densification; distortions of the economic model; social and structural problems; and lack or ineffectiveness of sanitation systems. p. 173.

Initiatives: Stimulate development and implementation of municipal plans for accommodation, protection, relocation and cushioning for erosion, flooding and urban expansion. p. 217